/*

Copyright (c) 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Jarryd Beck

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.

*/

#ifndef CXXOPTS_HPP_INCLUDED
#define CXXOPTS_HPP_INCLUDED

#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <regex>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#ifdef __cpp_lib_optional
#include <optional>
#define CXXOPTS_HAS_OPTIONAL
#endif

#if __cplusplus >= 201603L
#define CXXOPTS_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
#else
#define CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
#endif

#ifndef CXXOPTS_VECTOR_DELIMITER
#define CXXOPTS_VECTOR_DELIMITER ','
#endif

#define CXXOPTS__VERSION_MAJOR 2
#define CXXOPTS__VERSION_MINOR 2
#define CXXOPTS__VERSION_PATCH 0

namespace cxxopts
{
 static constexpr struct {
  uint8_t major, minor, patch;
 } version = {
   CXXOPTS__VERSION_MAJOR,
   CXXOPTS__VERSION_MINOR,
   CXXOPTS__VERSION_PATCH
 };
} // namespace cxxopts

//when we ask cxxopts to use Unicode, help strings are processed using ICU,
//which results in the correct lengths being computed for strings when they
//are formatted for the help output
//it is necessary to make sure that <unicode/unistr.h> can be found by the
//compiler, and that icu-uc is linked in to the binary.

#ifdef CXXOPTS_USE_UNICODE
#include <unicode/unistr.h>

namespace cxxopts
{
  typedef icu::UnicodeString String;

  inline
  String
  toLocalString(std::string s)
  {
    return icu::UnicodeString::fromUTF8(std::move(s));
  }

  class UnicodeStringIterator : public
    std::iterator<std::forward_iterator_tag, int32_t>
  {
    public:

    UnicodeStringIterator(const icu::UnicodeString* string, int32_t pos)
    : s(string)
    , i(pos)
    {
    }

    value_type
    operator*() const
    {
      return s->char32At(i);
    }

    bool
    operator==(const UnicodeStringIterator& rhs) const
    {
      return s == rhs.s && i == rhs.i;
    }

    bool
    operator!=(const UnicodeStringIterator& rhs) const
    {
      return !(*this == rhs);
    }

    UnicodeStringIterator&
    operator++()
    {
      ++i;
      return *this;
    }

    UnicodeStringIterator
    operator+(int32_t v)
    {
      return UnicodeStringIterator(s, i + v);
    }

    private:
    const icu::UnicodeString* s;
    int32_t i;
  };

  inline
  String&
  stringAppend(String&s, String a)
  {
    return s.append(std::move(a));
  }

  inline
  String&
  stringAppend(String& s, int n, UChar32 c)
  {
    for (int i = 0; i != n; ++i)
    {
      s.append(c);
    }

    return s;
  }

  template <typename Iterator>
  String&
  stringAppend(String& s, Iterator begin, Iterator end)
  {
    while (begin != end)
    {
      s.append(*begin);
      ++begin;
    }

    return s;
  }

  inline
  size_t
  stringLength(const String& s)
  {
    return s.length();
  }

  inline
  std::string
  toUTF8String(const String& s)
  {
    std::string result;
    s.toUTF8String(result);

    return result;
  }

  inline
  bool
  empty(const String& s)
  {
    return s.isEmpty();
  }
}

namespace std
{
  inline
  cxxopts::UnicodeStringIterator
  begin(const icu::UnicodeString& s)
  {
    return cxxopts::UnicodeStringIterator(&s, 0);
  }

  inline
  cxxopts::UnicodeStringIterator
  end(const icu::UnicodeString& s)
  {
    return cxxopts::UnicodeStringIterator(&s, s.length());
  }
}

//ifdef CXXOPTS_USE_UNICODE
#else

namespace cxxopts
{
 typedef std::string String;

 template <typename T>
 T
 toLocalString(T&& t)
 {
  return std::forward<T>(t);
 }

 inline
 size_t
 stringLength(const String& s)
 {
  return s.length();
 }

 inline
 String&
 stringAppend(String&s, const String& a)
 {
  return s.append(a);
 }

 inline
 String&
 stringAppend(String& s, size_t n, char c)
 {
  return s.append(n, c);
 }

 template <typename Iterator>
 String&
 stringAppend(String& s, Iterator begin, Iterator end)
 {
  return s.append(begin, end);
 }

 template <typename T>
 std::string
 toUTF8String(T&& t)
 {
  return std::forward<T>(t);
 }

 inline
 bool
 empty(const std::string& s)
 {
  return s.empty();
 }
} // namespace cxxopts

//ifdef CXXOPTS_USE_UNICODE
#endif

namespace cxxopts
{
 namespace
 {
#ifdef _WIN32
  const std::string LQUOTE("\'");
    const std::string RQUOTE("\'");
#else
  const std::string LQUOTE("‘");
  const std::string RQUOTE("’");
#endif
 } // namespace

 class Value : public std::enable_shared_from_this<Value>
 {
 public:

  virtual ~Value() = default;

  virtual
  std::shared_ptr<Value>
  clone() const = 0;

  virtual void
  parse(const std::string& text) const = 0;

  virtual void
  parse() const = 0;

  virtual bool
  has_default() const = 0;

  virtual bool
  is_container() const = 0;

  virtual bool
  has_implicit() const = 0;

  virtual std::string
  get_default_value() const = 0;

  virtual std::string
  get_implicit_value() const = 0;

  virtual std::shared_ptr<Value>
  default_value(const std::string& value) = 0;

  virtual std::shared_ptr<Value>
  implicit_value(const std::string& value) = 0;

  virtual std::shared_ptr<Value>
  no_implicit_value() = 0;

  virtual bool
  is_boolean() const = 0;
 };

 class OptionException : public std::exception
 {
 public:
  explicit OptionException(std::string  message)
    : m_message(std::move(message))
  {
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const char*
  what() const noexcept override
  {
   return m_message.c_str();
  }

 private:
  std::string m_message;
 };

 class OptionSpecException : public OptionException
 {
 public:

  explicit OptionSpecException(const std::string& message)
    : OptionException(message)
  {
  }
 };

 class OptionParseException : public OptionException
 {
 public:
  explicit OptionParseException(const std::string& message)
    : OptionException(message)
  {
  }
 };

 class option_exists_error : public OptionSpecException
 {
 public:
  explicit option_exists_error(const std::string& option)
    : OptionSpecException("Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " already exists")
  {
  }
 };

 class invalid_option_format_error : public OptionSpecException
 {
 public:
  explicit invalid_option_format_error(const std::string& format)
    : OptionSpecException("Invalid option format " + LQUOTE + format + RQUOTE)
  {
  }
 };

 class option_syntax_exception : public OptionParseException {
 public:
  explicit option_syntax_exception(const std::string& text)
    : OptionParseException("Argument " + LQUOTE + text + RQUOTE +
                           " starts with a - but has incorrect syntax")
  {
  }
 };

 class option_not_exists_exception : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  explicit option_not_exists_exception(const std::string& option)
    : OptionParseException("Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " does not exist")
  {
  }
 };

 class missing_argument_exception : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  explicit missing_argument_exception(const std::string& option)
    : OptionParseException(
    "Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " is missing an argument"
  )
  {
  }
 };

 class option_requires_argument_exception : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  explicit option_requires_argument_exception(const std::string& option)
    : OptionParseException(
    "Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " requires an argument"
  )
  {
  }
 };

 class option_not_has_argument_exception : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  option_not_has_argument_exception
    (
      const std::string& option,
      const std::string& arg
    )
    : OptionParseException(
    "Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE +
    " does not take an argument, but argument " +
    LQUOTE + arg + RQUOTE + " given"
  )
  {
  }
 };

 class option_not_present_exception : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  explicit option_not_present_exception(const std::string& option)
    : OptionParseException("Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " not present")
  {
  }
 };

 class option_has_no_value_exception : public OptionException
 {
 public:
  explicit option_has_no_value_exception(const std::string& option)
    : OptionException(
    option.empty() ?
    ("Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " has no value") :
    "Option has no value")
  {
  }
 };

 class argument_incorrect_type : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  explicit argument_incorrect_type
    (
      const std::string& arg
    )
    : OptionParseException(
    "Argument " + LQUOTE + arg + RQUOTE + " failed to parse"
  )
  {
  }
 };

 class option_required_exception : public OptionParseException
 {
 public:
  explicit option_required_exception(const std::string& option)
    : OptionParseException(
    "Option " + LQUOTE + option + RQUOTE + " is required but not present"
  )
  {
  }
 };

 template <typename T>
 void throw_or_mimic(const std::string& text)
 {
  static_assert(std::is_base_of<std::exception, T>::value,
                "throw_or_mimic only works on std::exception and "
                "deriving classes");

#ifndef CXXOPTS_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  // If CXXOPTS_NO_EXCEPTIONS is not defined, just throw
  throw T{text};
#else
  // Otherwise manually instantiate the exception, print what() to stderr,
    // and exit
    T exception{text};
    std::cerr << exception.what() << std::endl;
    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
#endif
 }

 namespace values
 {
  namespace
  {
   std::basic_regex<char> integer_pattern
     ("(-)?(0x)?([0-9a-zA-Z]+)|((0x)?0)");
   std::basic_regex<char> truthy_pattern
     ("(t|T)(rue)?|1");
   std::basic_regex<char> falsy_pattern
     ("(f|F)(alse)?|0");
  } // namespace

  namespace detail
  {
   template <typename T, bool B>
   struct SignedCheck;

   template <typename T>
   struct SignedCheck<T, true>
   {
    template <typename U>
    void
    operator()(bool negative, U u, const std::string& text)
    {
     if (negative)
     {
      if (u > static_cast<U>((std::numeric_limits<T>::min)()))
      {
       throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
      }
     }
     else
     {
      if (u > static_cast<U>((std::numeric_limits<T>::max)()))
      {
       throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
      }
     }
    }
   };

   template <typename T>
   struct SignedCheck<T, false>
   {
    template <typename U>
    void
    operator()(bool, U, const std::string&) {}
   };

   template <typename T, typename U>
   void
   check_signed_range(bool negative, U value, const std::string& text)
   {
    SignedCheck<T, std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>()(negative, value, text);
   }
  } // namespace detail

  template <typename R, typename T>
  R
  checked_negate(T&& t, const std::string&, std::true_type)
  {
   // if we got to here, then `t` is a positive number that fits into
   // `R`. So to avoid MSVC C4146, we first cast it to `R`.
   // See https://github.com/jarro2783/cxxopts/issues/62 for more details.
   return static_cast<R>(-static_cast<R>(t-1)-1);
  }

  template <typename R, typename T>
  T
  checked_negate(T&& t, const std::string& text, std::false_type)
  {
   throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
   return t;
  }

  template <typename T>
  void
  integer_parser(const std::string& text, T& value)
  {
   std::smatch match;
   std::regex_match(text, match, integer_pattern);

   if (match.length() == 0)
   {
    throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
   }

   if (match.length(4) > 0)
   {
    value = 0;
    return;
   }

   using US = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;

   constexpr bool is_signed = std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed;
   const bool negative = match.length(1) > 0;
   const uint8_t base = match.length(2) > 0 ? 16 : 10;

   auto value_match = match[3];

   US result = 0;

   for (auto iter = value_match.first; iter != value_match.second; ++iter)
   {
    US digit = 0;

    if (*iter >= '0' && *iter <= '9')
    {
     digit = static_cast<US>(*iter - '0');
    }
    else if (base == 16 && *iter >= 'a' && *iter <= 'f')
    {
     digit = static_cast<US>(*iter - 'a' + 10);
    }
    else if (base == 16 && *iter >= 'A' && *iter <= 'F')
    {
     digit = static_cast<US>(*iter - 'A' + 10);
    }
    else
    {
     throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
    }

    const US next = static_cast<US>(result * base + digit);
    if (result > next)
    {
     throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
    }

    result = next;
   }

   detail::check_signed_range<T>(negative, result, text);

   if (negative)
   {
    value = checked_negate<T>(result,
                              text,
                              std::integral_constant<bool, is_signed>());
   }
   else
   {
    value = static_cast<T>(result);
   }
  }

  template <typename T>
  void stringstream_parser(const std::string& text, T& value)
  {
   std::stringstream in(text);
   in >> value;
   if (!in) {
    throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
   }
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, uint8_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, int8_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, uint16_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, int16_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, uint32_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, int32_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, uint64_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, int64_t& value)
  {
   integer_parser(text, value);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, bool& value)
  {
   std::smatch result;
   std::regex_match(text, result, truthy_pattern);

   if (!result.empty())
   {
    value = true;
    return;
   }

   std::regex_match(text, result, falsy_pattern);
   if (!result.empty())
   {
    value = false;
    return;
   }

   throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
  }

  inline
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, std::string& value)
  {
   value = text;
  }

  // The fallback parser. It uses the stringstream parser to parse all types
  // that have not been overloaded explicitly.  It has to be placed in the
  // source code before all other more specialized templates.
  template <typename T>
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, T& value) {
   stringstream_parser(text, value);
  }

  template <typename T>
  void
  parse_value(const std::string& text, std::vector<T>& value)
  {
   std::stringstream in(text);
   std::string token;
   while(!in.eof() && std::getline(in, token, CXXOPTS_VECTOR_DELIMITER)) {
    T v;
    parse_value(token, v);
    value.emplace_back(std::move(v));
   }
  }

#ifdef CXXOPTS_HAS_OPTIONAL
  template <typename T>
    void
    parse_value(const std::string& text, std::optional<T>& value)
    {
      T result;
      parse_value(text, result);
      value = std::move(result);
    }
#endif

  inline
  void parse_value(const std::string& text, char& c)
  {
   if (text.length() != 1)
   {
    throw_or_mimic<argument_incorrect_type>(text);
   }

   c = text[0];
  }

  template <typename T>
  struct type_is_container
  {
   static constexpr bool value = false;
  };

  template <typename T>
  struct type_is_container<std::vector<T>>
  {
   static constexpr bool value = true;
  };

  template <typename T>
  class abstract_value : public Value
  {
   using Self = abstract_value<T>;

  public:
   abstract_value()
     : m_result(std::make_shared<T>())
     , m_store(m_result.get())
   {
   }

   explicit abstract_value(T* t)
     : m_store(t)
   {
   }

   ~abstract_value() override = default;

   abstract_value(const abstract_value& rhs)
   {
    if (rhs.m_result)
    {
     m_result = std::make_shared<T>();
     m_store = m_result.get();
    }
    else
    {
     m_store = rhs.m_store;
    }

    m_default = rhs.m_default;
    m_implicit = rhs.m_implicit;
    m_default_value = rhs.m_default_value;
    m_implicit_value = rhs.m_implicit_value;
   }

   void
   parse(const std::string& text) const override
   {
    parse_value(text, *m_store);
   }

   bool
   is_container() const override
   {
    return type_is_container<T>::value;
   }

   void
   parse() const override
   {
    parse_value(m_default_value, *m_store);
   }

   bool
   has_default() const override
   {
    return m_default;
   }

   bool
   has_implicit() const override
   {
    return m_implicit;
   }

   std::shared_ptr<Value>
   default_value(const std::string& value) override
   {
    m_default = true;
    m_default_value = value;
    return shared_from_this();
   }

   std::shared_ptr<Value>
   implicit_value(const std::string& value) override
   {
    m_implicit = true;
    m_implicit_value = value;
    return shared_from_this();
   }

   std::shared_ptr<Value>
   no_implicit_value() override
   {
    m_implicit = false;
    return shared_from_this();
   }

   std::string
   get_default_value() const override
   {
    return m_default_value;
   }

   std::string
   get_implicit_value() const override
   {
    return m_implicit_value;
   }

   bool
   is_boolean() const override
   {
    return std::is_same<T, bool>::value;
   }

   const T&
   get() const
   {
    if (m_store == nullptr)
    {
     return *m_result;
    }
    return *m_store;
   }

  protected:
   std::shared_ptr<T> m_result;
   T* m_store;

   bool m_default = false;
   bool m_implicit = false;

   std::string m_default_value;
   std::string m_implicit_value;
  };

  template <typename T>
  class standard_value : public abstract_value<T>
  {
  public:
   using abstract_value<T>::abstract_value;

   CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
   std::shared_ptr<Value>
   clone() const
   {
    return std::make_shared<standard_value<T>>(*this);
   }
  };

  template <>
  class standard_value<bool> : public abstract_value<bool>
  {
  public:
   ~standard_value() override = default;

   standard_value()
   {
    set_default_and_implicit();
   }

   explicit standard_value(bool* b)
     : abstract_value(b)
   {
    set_default_and_implicit();
   }

   std::shared_ptr<Value>
   clone() const override
   {
    return std::make_shared<standard_value<bool>>(*this);
   }

  private:

   void
   set_default_and_implicit()
   {
    m_default = true;
    m_default_value = "false";
    m_implicit = true;
    m_implicit_value = "true";
   }
  };
 } // namespace values

 template <typename T>
 std::shared_ptr<Value>
 value()
 {
  return std::make_shared<values::standard_value<T>>();
 }

 template <typename T>
 std::shared_ptr<Value>
 value(T& t)
 {
  return std::make_shared<values::standard_value<T>>(&t);
 }

 class OptionAdder;

 class OptionDetails
 {
 public:
  OptionDetails
    (
      std::string short_,
      std::string long_,
      String desc,
      std::shared_ptr<const Value> val
    )
    : m_short(std::move(short_))
    , m_long(std::move(long_))
    , m_desc(std::move(desc))
    , m_value(std::move(val))
    , m_count(0)
  {
  }

  OptionDetails(const OptionDetails& rhs)
    : m_desc(rhs.m_desc)
    , m_count(rhs.m_count)
  {
   m_value = rhs.m_value->clone();
  }

  OptionDetails(OptionDetails&& rhs) = default;

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const String&
  description() const
  {
   return m_desc;
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const Value&
  value() const {
   return *m_value;
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  std::shared_ptr<Value>
  make_storage() const
  {
   return m_value->clone();
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const std::string&
  short_name() const
  {
   return m_short;
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const std::string&
  long_name() const
  {
   return m_long;
  }

 private:
  std::string m_short;
  std::string m_long;
  String m_desc;
  std::shared_ptr<const Value> m_value;
  int m_count;
 };

 struct HelpOptionDetails
 {
  std::string s;
  std::string l;
  String desc;
  bool has_default;
  std::string default_value;
  bool has_implicit;
  std::string implicit_value;
  std::string arg_help;
  bool is_container;
  bool is_boolean;
 };

 struct HelpGroupDetails
 {
  std::string name;
  std::string description;
  std::vector<HelpOptionDetails> options;
 };

 class OptionValue
 {
 public:
  void
  parse
    (
      const std::shared_ptr<const OptionDetails>& details,
      const std::string& text
    )
  {
   ensure_value(details);
   ++m_count;
   m_value->parse(text);
   m_long_name = &details->long_name();
  }

  void
  parse_default(const std::shared_ptr<const OptionDetails>& details)
  {
   ensure_value(details);
   m_default = true;
   m_long_name = &details->long_name();
   m_value->parse();
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  size_t
  count() const noexcept
  {
   return m_count;
  }

  // TODO: maybe default options should count towards the number of arguments
  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  bool
  has_default() const noexcept
  {
   return m_default;
  }

  template <typename T>
  const T&
  as() const
  {
   if (m_value == nullptr) {
    throw_or_mimic<option_has_no_value_exception>(
      m_long_name == nullptr ? "" : *m_long_name);
   }

#ifdef CXXOPTS_NO_RTTI
   return static_cast<const values::standard_value<T>&>(*m_value).get();
#else
   return dynamic_cast<const values::standard_value<T>&>(*m_value).get();
#endif
  }

 private:
  void
  ensure_value(const std::shared_ptr<const OptionDetails>& details)
  {
   if (m_value == nullptr)
   {
    m_value = details->make_storage();
   }
  }

  const std::string* m_long_name = nullptr;
  // Holding this pointer is safe, since OptionValue's only exist in key-value pairs,
  // where the key has the string we point to.
  std::shared_ptr<Value> m_value;
  size_t m_count = 0;
  bool m_default = false;
 };

 class KeyValue
 {
 public:
  KeyValue(std::string key_, std::string value_)
    : m_key(std::move(key_))
    , m_value(std::move(value_))
  {
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const std::string&
  key() const
  {
   return m_key;
  }

  CXXOPTS_NODISCARD
  const std::string&
  value() const
  {
   return m_value;
  }

  template <typename T>
  T
  as() const
  {
   T result;
   values::parse_value(m_value, result);
   return result;
  }

 private:
  std::string m_key;
  std::string m_value;
 };

 class ParseResult
 {
 public:

  ParseResult(
    std::shared_ptr<
      std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>>
    >,
    std::vector<std::string>,
    bool allow_unrecognised,
    int&, const char**&);

  size_t
  count(const std::string& o) const
  {
   auto iter = m_options->find(o);
   if (iter == m_options->end())
   {
    return 0;
   }

   auto riter = m_results.find(iter->second);

   return riter->second.count();
  }

  const OptionValue&
  operator[](const std::string& option) const
  {
   auto iter = m_options->find(option);

   if (iter == m_options->end())
   {
    throw_or_mimic<option_not_present_exception>(option);
   }

   auto riter = m_results.find(iter->second);

   return riter->second;
  }

  const std::vector<KeyValue>&
  arguments() const
  {
   return m_sequential;
  }

 private:

  void
  parse(int& argc, const char**& argv);

  void
  add_to_option(const std::string& option, const std::string& arg);

  bool
  consume_positional(const std::string& a);

  void
  parse_option
    (
      const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& value,
      const std::string& name,
      const std::string& arg = ""
    );

  void
  parse_default(const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& details);

  void
  checked_parse_arg
    (
      int argc,
      const char* argv[],
      int& current,
      const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& value,
      const std::string& name
    );

  const std::shared_ptr<
    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>>
  > m_options;
  std::vector<std::string> m_positional;
  std::vector<std::string>::iterator m_next_positional;
  std::unordered_set<std::string> m_positional_set;
  std::unordered_map<std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>, OptionValue> m_results;

  bool m_allow_unrecognised;

  std::vector<KeyValue> m_sequential;
 };

 struct Option
 {
  Option
    (
      std::string opts,
      std::string desc,
      std::shared_ptr<const Value>  value = ::cxxopts::value<bool>(),
      std::string arg_help = ""
    )
    : opts_(std::move(opts))
    , desc_(std::move(desc))
    , value_(std::move(value))
    , arg_help_(std::move(arg_help))
  {
  }

  std::string opts_;
  std::string desc_;
  std::shared_ptr<const Value> value_;
  std::string arg_help_;
 };

 class Options
 {
  using OptionMap = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>>;
 public:

  explicit Options(std::string program, std::string help_string = "")
    : m_program(std::move(program))
    , m_help_string(toLocalString(std::move(help_string)))
    , m_custom_help("[OPTION...]")
    , m_positional_help("positional parameters")
    , m_show_positional(false)
    , m_allow_unrecognised(false)
    , m_options(std::make_shared<OptionMap>())
    , m_next_positional(m_positional.end())
  {
  }

  Options&
  positional_help(std::string help_text)
  {
   m_positional_help = std::move(help_text);
   return *this;
  }

  Options&
  custom_help(std::string help_text)
  {
   m_custom_help = std::move(help_text);
   return *this;
  }

  Options&
  show_positional_help()
  {
   m_show_positional = true;
   return *this;
  }

  Options&
  allow_unrecognised_options()
  {
   m_allow_unrecognised = true;
   return *this;
  }

  ParseResult
  parse(int& argc, const char**& argv);

  OptionAdder
  add_options(std::string group = "");

  void
  add_options
    (
      const std::string& group,
      std::initializer_list<Option> options
    );

  void
  add_option
    (
      const std::string& group,
      const Option& option
    );

  void
  add_option
    (
      const std::string& group,
      const std::string& s,
      const std::string& l,
      std::string desc,
      const std::shared_ptr<const Value>& value,
      std::string arg_help
    );

  //parse positional arguments into the given option
  void
  parse_positional(std::string option);

  void
  parse_positional(std::vector<std::string> options);

  void
  parse_positional(std::initializer_list<std::string> options);

  template <typename Iterator>
  void
  parse_positional(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {
   parse_positional(std::vector<std::string>{begin, end});
  }

  std::string
  help(const std::vector<std::string>& groups = {}) const;

  std::vector<std::string>
  groups() const;

  const HelpGroupDetails&
  group_help(const std::string& group) const;

 private:

  void
  add_one_option
    (
      const std::string& option,
      const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& details
    );

  String
  help_one_group(const std::string& group) const;

  void
  generate_group_help
    (
      String& result,
      const std::vector<std::string>& groups
    ) const;

  void
  generate_all_groups_help(String& result) const;

  std::string m_program;
  String m_help_string;
  std::string m_custom_help;
  std::string m_positional_help;
  bool m_show_positional;
  bool m_allow_unrecognised;

  std::shared_ptr<OptionMap> m_options;
  std::vector<std::string> m_positional;
  std::vector<std::string>::iterator m_next_positional;
  std::unordered_set<std::string> m_positional_set;

  //mapping from groups to help options
  std::map<std::string, HelpGroupDetails> m_help;
 };

 class OptionAdder
 {
 public:

  OptionAdder(Options& options, std::string group)
    : m_options(options), m_group(std::move(group))
  {
  }

  OptionAdder&
  operator()
    (
      const std::string& opts,
      const std::string& desc,
      const std::shared_ptr<const Value>& value
      = ::cxxopts::value<bool>(),
      std::string arg_help = ""
    );

 private:
  Options& m_options;
  std::string m_group;
 };

 namespace
 {
  constexpr int OPTION_LONGEST = 30;
  constexpr int OPTION_DESC_GAP = 2;

  std::basic_regex<char> option_matcher
    ("--([[:alnum:]][-_[:alnum:]]+)(=(.*))?|-([[:alnum:]]+)");

  std::basic_regex<char> option_specifier
    ("(([[:alnum:]]),)?[ ]*([[:alnum:]][-_[:alnum:]]*)?");

  String
  format_option
    (
      const HelpOptionDetails& o
    )
  {
   const auto& s = o.s;
   const auto& l = o.l;

   String result = "  ";

   if (!s.empty())
   {
    result += "-" + toLocalString(s);
    if (!l.empty())
    {
     result += ",";
    }
   }
   else
   {
    result += "   ";
   }

   if (!l.empty())
   {
    result += " --" + toLocalString(l);
   }

   auto arg = !o.arg_help.empty() ? toLocalString(o.arg_help) : "arg";

   if (!o.is_boolean)
   {
    if (o.has_implicit)
    {
     result += " [=" + arg + "(=" + toLocalString(o.implicit_value) + ")]";
    }
    else
    {
     result += " " + arg;
    }
   }

   return result;
  }

  String
  format_description
    (
      const HelpOptionDetails& o,
      size_t start,
      size_t width
    )
  {
   auto desc = o.desc;

   if (o.has_default && (!o.is_boolean || o.default_value != "false"))
   {
    if(!o.default_value.empty())
    {
     desc += toLocalString(" (default: " + o.default_value + ")");
    }
    else
    {
     desc += toLocalString(" (default: \"\")");
    }
   }

   String result;

   auto current = std::begin(desc);
   auto startLine = current;
   auto lastSpace = current;

   auto size = size_t{};

   while (current != std::end(desc))
   {
    if (*current == ' ')
    {
     lastSpace = current;
    }

    if (*current == '\n')
    {
     startLine = current + 1;
     lastSpace = startLine;
    }
    else if (size > width)
    {
     if (lastSpace == startLine)
     {
      stringAppend(result, startLine, current + 1);
      stringAppend(result, "\n");
      stringAppend(result, start, ' ');
      startLine = current + 1;
      lastSpace = startLine;
     }
     else
     {
      stringAppend(result, startLine, lastSpace);
      stringAppend(result, "\n");
      stringAppend(result, start, ' ');
      startLine = lastSpace + 1;
      lastSpace = startLine;
     }
     size = 0;
    }
    else
    {
     ++size;
    }

    ++current;
   }

   //append whatever is left
   stringAppend(result, startLine, current);

   return result;
  }
 } // namespace

 inline
 ParseResult::ParseResult
   (
     std::shared_ptr<
       std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>>
     > options,
     std::vector<std::string> positional,
     bool allow_unrecognised,
     int& argc, const char**& argv
   )
   : m_options(std::move(options))
   , m_positional(std::move(positional))
   , m_next_positional(m_positional.begin())
   , m_allow_unrecognised(allow_unrecognised)
 {
  parse(argc, argv);
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::add_options
   (
     const std::string &group,
     std::initializer_list<Option> options
   )
 {
  OptionAdder option_adder(*this, group);
  for (const auto &option: options)
  {
   option_adder(option.opts_, option.desc_, option.value_, option.arg_help_);
  }
 }

 inline
 OptionAdder
 Options::add_options(std::string group)
 {
  return OptionAdder(*this, std::move(group));
 }

 inline
 OptionAdder&
 OptionAdder::operator()
   (
     const std::string& opts,
     const std::string& desc,
     const std::shared_ptr<const Value>& value,
     std::string arg_help
   )
 {
  std::match_results<const char*> result;
  std::regex_match(opts.c_str(), result, option_specifier);

  if (result.empty())
  {
   throw_or_mimic<invalid_option_format_error>(opts);
  }

  const auto& short_match = result[2];
  const auto& long_match = result[3];

  if (!short_match.length() && !long_match.length())
  {
   throw_or_mimic<invalid_option_format_error>(opts);
  } else if (long_match.length() == 1 && short_match.length())
  {
   throw_or_mimic<invalid_option_format_error>(opts);
  }

  auto option_names = []
    (
      const std::sub_match<const char*>& short_,
      const std::sub_match<const char*>& long_
    )
  {
   if (long_.length() == 1)
   {
    return std::make_tuple(long_.str(), short_.str());
   }
   return std::make_tuple(short_.str(), long_.str());
  }(short_match, long_match);

  m_options.add_option
    (
      m_group,
      std::get<0>(option_names),
      std::get<1>(option_names),
      desc,
      value,
      std::move(arg_help)
    );

  return *this;
 }

 inline
 void
 ParseResult::parse_default(const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& details)
 {
  m_results[details].parse_default(details);
 }

 inline
 void
 ParseResult::parse_option
   (
     const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& value,
     const std::string& /*name*/,
     const std::string& arg
   )
 {
  auto& result = m_results[value];
  result.parse(value, arg);

  m_sequential.emplace_back(value->long_name(), arg);
 }

 inline
 void
 ParseResult::checked_parse_arg
   (
     int argc,
     const char* argv[],
     int& current,
     const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& value,
     const std::string& name
   )
 {
  if (current + 1 >= argc)
  {
   if (value->value().has_implicit())
   {
    parse_option(value, name, value->value().get_implicit_value());
   }
   else
   {
    throw_or_mimic<missing_argument_exception>(name);
   }
  }
  else
  {
   if (value->value().has_implicit())
   {
    parse_option(value, name, value->value().get_implicit_value());
   }
   else
   {
    parse_option(value, name, argv[current + 1]);
    ++current;
   }
  }
 }

 inline
 void
 ParseResult::add_to_option(const std::string& option, const std::string& arg)
 {
  auto iter = m_options->find(option);

  if (iter == m_options->end())
  {
   throw_or_mimic<option_not_exists_exception>(option);
  }

  parse_option(iter->second, option, arg);
 }

 inline
 bool
 ParseResult::consume_positional(const std::string& a)
 {
  while (m_next_positional != m_positional.end())
  {
   auto iter = m_options->find(*m_next_positional);
   if (iter != m_options->end())
   {
    auto& result = m_results[iter->second];
    if (!iter->second->value().is_container())
    {
     if (result.count() == 0)
     {
      add_to_option(*m_next_positional, a);
      ++m_next_positional;
      return true;
     }
     ++m_next_positional;
     continue;
    }
    add_to_option(*m_next_positional, a);
    return true;
   }
   throw_or_mimic<option_not_exists_exception>(*m_next_positional);
  }

  return false;
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::parse_positional(std::string option)
 {
  parse_positional(std::vector<std::string>{std::move(option)});
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::parse_positional(std::vector<std::string> options)
 {
  m_positional = std::move(options);
  m_next_positional = m_positional.begin();

  m_positional_set.insert(m_positional.begin(), m_positional.end());
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::parse_positional(std::initializer_list<std::string> options)
 {
  parse_positional(std::vector<std::string>(options));
 }

 inline
 ParseResult
 Options::parse(int& argc, const char**& argv)
 {
  ParseResult result(m_options, m_positional, m_allow_unrecognised, argc, argv);
  return result;
 }

 inline
 void
 ParseResult::parse(int& argc, const char**& argv)
 {
  int current = 1;

  int nextKeep = 1;

  bool consume_remaining = false;

  while (current != argc)
  {
   if (strcmp(argv[current], "--") == 0)
   {
    consume_remaining = true;
    ++current;
    break;
   }

   std::match_results<const char*> result;
   std::regex_match(argv[current], result, option_matcher);

   if (result.empty())
   {
    //not a flag

    // but if it starts with a `-`, then it's an error
    if (argv[current][0] == '-' && argv[current][1] != '\0') {
     if (!m_allow_unrecognised) {
      throw_or_mimic<option_syntax_exception>(argv[current]);
     }
    }

    //if true is returned here then it was consumed, otherwise it is
    //ignored
    if (consume_positional(argv[current]))
    {
    }
    else
    {
     argv[nextKeep] = argv[current];
     ++nextKeep;
    }
    //if we return from here then it was parsed successfully, so continue
   }
   else
   {
    //short or long option?
    if (result[4].length() != 0)
    {
     const std::string& s = result[4];

     for (std::size_t i = 0; i != s.size(); ++i)
     {
      std::string name(1, s[i]);
      auto iter = m_options->find(name);

      if (iter == m_options->end())
      {
       if (m_allow_unrecognised)
       {
        continue;
       }
       //error
       throw_or_mimic<option_not_exists_exception>(name);
      }

      auto value = iter->second;

      if (i + 1 == s.size())
      {
       //it must be the last argument
       checked_parse_arg(argc, argv, current, value, name);
      }
      else if (value->value().has_implicit())
      {
       parse_option(value, name, value->value().get_implicit_value());
      }
      else
      {
       //error
       throw_or_mimic<option_requires_argument_exception>(name);
      }
     }
    }
    else if (result[1].length() != 0)
    {
     const std::string& name = result[1];

     auto iter = m_options->find(name);

     if (iter == m_options->end())
     {
      if (m_allow_unrecognised)
      {
       // keep unrecognised options in argument list, skip to next argument
       argv[nextKeep] = argv[current];
       ++nextKeep;
       ++current;
       continue;
      }
      //error
      throw_or_mimic<option_not_exists_exception>(name);
     }

     auto opt = iter->second;

     //equals provided for long option?
     if (result[2].length() != 0)
     {
      //parse the option given

      parse_option(opt, name, result[3]);
     }
     else
     {
      //parse the next argument
      checked_parse_arg(argc, argv, current, opt, name);
     }
    }

   }

   ++current;
  }

  for (auto& opt : *m_options)
  {
   auto& detail = opt.second;
   const auto& value = detail->value();

   auto& store = m_results[detail];

   if(value.has_default() && !store.count() && !store.has_default()){
    parse_default(detail);
   }
  }

  if (consume_remaining)
  {
   while (current < argc)
   {
    if (!consume_positional(argv[current])) {
     break;
    }
    ++current;
   }

   //adjust argv for any that couldn't be swallowed
   while (current != argc) {
    argv[nextKeep] = argv[current];
    ++nextKeep;
    ++current;
   }
  }

  argc = nextKeep;

 }

 inline
 void
 Options::add_option
   (
     const std::string& group,
     const Option& option
   )
 {
  add_options(group, {option});
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::add_option
   (
     const std::string& group,
     const std::string& s,
     const std::string& l,
     std::string desc,
     const std::shared_ptr<const Value>& value,
     std::string arg_help
   )
 {
  auto stringDesc = toLocalString(std::move(desc));
  auto option = std::make_shared<OptionDetails>(s, l, stringDesc, value);

  if (!s.empty())
  {
   add_one_option(s, option);
  }

  if (!l.empty())
  {
   add_one_option(l, option);
  }

  //add the help details
  auto& options = m_help[group];

  options.options.emplace_back(HelpOptionDetails{s, l, stringDesc,
                                                 value->has_default(), value->get_default_value(),
                                                 value->has_implicit(), value->get_implicit_value(),
                                                 std::move(arg_help),
                                                 value->is_container(),
                                                 value->is_boolean()});
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::add_one_option
   (
     const std::string& option,
     const std::shared_ptr<OptionDetails>& details
   )
 {
  auto in = m_options->emplace(option, details);

  if (!in.second)
  {
   throw_or_mimic<option_exists_error>(option);
  }
 }

 inline
 String
 Options::help_one_group(const std::string& g) const
 {
  using OptionHelp = std::vector<std::pair<String, String>>;

  auto group = m_help.find(g);
  if (group == m_help.end())
  {
   return "";
  }

  OptionHelp format;

  size_t longest = 0;

  String result;

  if (!g.empty())
  {
   result += toLocalString(" " + g + " options:\n");
  }

  for (const auto& o : group->second.options)
  {
   if (m_positional_set.find(o.l) != m_positional_set.end() &&
       !m_show_positional)
   {
    continue;
   }

   auto s = format_option(o);
   longest = (std::max)(longest, stringLength(s));
   format.push_back(std::make_pair(s, String()));
  }

  longest = (std::min)(longest, static_cast<size_t>(OPTION_LONGEST));

  //widest allowed description
  auto allowed = size_t{76} - longest - OPTION_DESC_GAP;

  auto fiter = format.begin();
  for (const auto& o : group->second.options)
  {
   if (m_positional_set.find(o.l) != m_positional_set.end() &&
       !m_show_positional)
   {
    continue;
   }

   auto d = format_description(o, longest + OPTION_DESC_GAP, allowed);

   result += fiter->first;
   if (stringLength(fiter->first) > longest)
   {
    result += '\n';
    result += toLocalString(std::string(longest + OPTION_DESC_GAP, ' '));
   }
   else
   {
    result += toLocalString(std::string(longest + OPTION_DESC_GAP -
                                        stringLength(fiter->first),
                                        ' '));
   }
   result += d;
   result += '\n';

   ++fiter;
  }

  return result;
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::generate_group_help
   (
     String& result,
     const std::vector<std::string>& print_groups
   ) const
 {
  for (size_t i = 0; i != print_groups.size(); ++i)
  {
   const String& group_help_text = help_one_group(print_groups[i]);
   if (empty(group_help_text))
   {
    continue;
   }
   result += group_help_text;
   if (i < print_groups.size() - 1)
   {
    result += '\n';
   }
  }
 }

 inline
 void
 Options::generate_all_groups_help(String& result) const
 {
  std::vector<std::string> all_groups;
  all_groups.reserve(m_help.size());

  for (const auto& group : m_help)
  {
   all_groups.push_back(group.first);
  }

  generate_group_help(result, all_groups);
 }

 inline
 std::string
 Options::help(const std::vector<std::string>& help_groups) const
 {
  String result = m_help_string + "\nUsage:\n  " +
                  toLocalString(m_program) + " " + toLocalString(m_custom_help);

  if (!m_positional.empty() && !m_positional_help.empty()) {
   result += " " + toLocalString(m_positional_help);
  }

  result += "\n\n";

  if (help_groups.empty())
  {
   generate_all_groups_help(result);
  }
  else
  {
   generate_group_help(result, help_groups);
  }

  return toUTF8String(result);
 }

 inline
 std::vector<std::string>
 Options::groups() const
 {
  std::vector<std::string> g;

  std::transform(
    m_help.begin(),
    m_help.end(),
    std::back_inserter(g),
    [] (const std::map<std::string, HelpGroupDetails>::value_type& pair)
    {
     return pair.first;
    }
  );

  return g;
 }

 inline
 const HelpGroupDetails&
 Options::group_help(const std::string& group) const
 {
  return m_help.at(group);
 }

} // namespace cxxopts

#endif //CXXOPTS_HPP_INCLUDED
